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September 1976 (Volume 54)
Quarterly Article
David Richard Johnson
Alan Booth
September 2026
Sep 25, 2026
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Studies of crowding in lower animals repeatedly demonstrate that compressed living conditions depress the ability of the species to reproduce. In a sample of 470 urban Toronto women we examined the effect of neighborhood and household crowding on the probability of a pregnancy and on the probability that any given product of the pregnancy will not survive until one year of age. Crowding did not influence fertility nor fetal and infant survival within the range of crowding found in this sample. If crowding has any influence on reproduction it would more profitably be investigated beyond the range of living density and housing markets found in North American urban areas.
Author(s): David Richard Johnson; Alan Booth
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Volume 54, Issue 3 (pages 321–337) Published in 1976