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June 1, 2026
Quarterly Article
Sara N. Bleich
Hilary Seligman
Jun 1, 2026
Apr 28, 2026
March 2026
Back to The Milbank Quarterly
Policy Points:
Context: From 2021 to 2025, federal nutrition assistance policy in the United States shifted rapidly from expansion to contraction, with major implications for food insecurity, diet quality, and chronic disease risk.
Methods: Qualitative policy analysis based on a targeted review of federal legislation, regulations, agency guidance, and white papers related to nutrition assistance programs was used to systematically identify and compare major shifts in program scope, design, and implementation.
Findings: From 2021 to 2024, Congress and the US Department of Agriculture’s Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) expanded and modernized federal nutrition programs, elevated the concept of nutrition security, and invested in administrative capacity. Key actions included increasing Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, updating Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and school meal standards to align with the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, expanding child nutrition programs (e.g., SUN Bucks, community eligibility), and strengthening FNS staffing. In 2025, the second Trump administration and a Republican-controlled Congress reversed course. HR 1 enacted historic SNAP cuts, expanded work-related time limits, shifted costs to states, eliminated SNAP-Ed, and restricted access for some immigrants, while collateral reductions affected WIC, emergency food programs, and other supports. Additional Trump-era actions weakened the scientific basis of the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, introduced new retailer standards and product restrictions, canceled the Household Food Security Report, and reduced the FNS workforce.
Conclusion: Recent policy shifts threaten to increase food insecurity and exacerbate inequities. These efforts appear misaligned with Make America Healthy Again’s stated focus on improving diet quality and reducing childhood chronic disease. Rigorous, ongoing evaluation of the impacts of these changes on participation, diet quality, food insecurity, and health—particularly among historically underserved populations—is essential to guide future federal nutrition policy.
