²⁷ The entire infrastructure of public health training was threatened as well. In the 1980s, many schools of public health had been threatened with closure, including Harvard's and UCLA's, but since that time, these institutions have recovered and the actual number of schools of public health have increased, not decreased. In New York, it was not until the late 1990s that Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health gained a relatively stable source of income through the donation of a gift that created an endowment.[Return to Text]