⁸Gray (2006) argues that many of these advantages are true of IPA and network HMO models as well. But as he also argues, in this context those models do not much differ from PPOs. It is possible that one development since about 1999 was essentially a renaming of plans, with the HMO label being suppressed because of its negative connotations and because the plans in question were basically the same as PPOs anyway. [Return to Text]